Salus Populi
Educating the Judiciary about the Social Determinants of Health
Resources
Most people intuitively understand that social, economic, and environmental factors, known as social determinants of health (SDOH), profoundly influence our health. Healthy People 2030, an initiative of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), defines the SDOH as “conditions in the environments in which people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks” (Healthy People).
SDOH can act directly or indirectly; for example, living near major roads can cause respiratory illnesses, disproportionately affecting people of color and low-income populations, and neighborhoods with high crime can deter going outside to exercise. For better or for worse, these factors play a serious role in our health: an estimated 70% of premature deaths are caused by SDOH-related factors.
Publications
White Papers
In 2020, Salus Populi published a series of white papers. These papers serve as the foundation for Salus Populi and its judicial education program.
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White Paper One: How Judicial Decisions Affect Population Health
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White Paper Two: The Public Health Legal Norm: Why Judges Should Understand the SDOH
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White Paper Three: Judicial Education Programs: Surveying the Landscape
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White Paper Four: Possible Pathways for Developing a SDOH Judicial Education Program
Salus Populi in Other Publications
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"Salus Populi: Educating Judges on the Social Determinants of Health"
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Published in the Journal of Legal Education (2022)
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Legal Cases Relevant to the Social Determinants of health
Cases Used in Salus Populi
The following are cases the Salus Populi training program has used in its live training programs, for various jurisdictions, to illustrate and discuss the connection between the SDOH and judicial, or legal, decision making.
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Clark v. New York City Hous. Auth., 2019 WL 2746073 (N.Y.Sup.) (Trial Order).
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Intalco Aluminum Corp. v. Dep't of Labor & Indus., 833 P.2d 390 (Wash. Ct. App. 1992).
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Finley v. First Realty Property Mgt., Ltd., 924 N.E.2d 378 (Ohio Ct. App. 2008).
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In re K.W., 504 P.3d 207 (Wash. 2022).
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In re Brittany T, 835 N.Y.S.2d 829 (N.Y. Fam. Ct. 2007).
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In re Brittany T, 852 N.Y.S.2d 475 (N.Y. App. Div. 2008).
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In re Williams, 476 P.3d 1064 (Wash. Ct. App. 2020), rev'd in part, 496 P.3d 289 (Wash. 2021). 
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United States v. Harris, 505 F. Supp. 3d 1152 (D. Kan. 2020). 
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Baptiste v. Kennealy​, 490 F.Supp.3d 353 (D. Mass. 2020).
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Norwich Housing Authority v. Mayo​, 2021 WL 2300479 (Conn. Super Ct. May 5, 2011).
Public Health Resources on the Social Determinants of Health
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
The following resources discuss what the social determinants of health are and how they impact health.
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A Framework Connecting Criminal Justice and Public Health (Health Impact Partners)
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White Paper on the Science of Late Adolescence: A Guide for Judges, Attorneys, and Policy Makers (Center for Law Brain & Behavior)
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Social Determinants of Health (Healthy People 2030)
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Social Determinants of Health Literature Summaries (Healthy People 2030)
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County Health Rankings & Roadmaps (County Health Rankings)
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The Social Determinants of Health: Coming of Age (Annual Review Public Health)
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Social Determinants in United States (The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Health Law)
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Chapter written by Wendy E. Parmet, Salus Populi Faculty Director and Principal Investigator
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Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) and the Law
The following resources illustrate the intersection between law and the social determinants of health, primarily how law and the courts affect the social determinants of health.
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Health Law as Social Justice (Cornell Journal of Law & Policy)
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Social Determinants of Health and the Role of Law in Optimizing Health (publicly available excerpt from Essentials of Health Policy and Law by Joel Teltelbaum and Sara Wilensky, US specific)
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The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development (The Lancet Commissions)
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Judicial Contributions to US National Policy Change Since 1945 (Journal of Law & Courts)
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Law in a Social Determinants Strategy: A Public Health Law Research Perspective (Public Health Reports)
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Health Justice: A Framework (and Call to Action) for the Elimination of Health Inequity and Social Justice (American University Law Review)
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The Rule of Law as a Social Determinant of Health (Health and Human Rights Journal)
Racial Justice, Health Equity
The following resources discuss, or are related to, how racism, a social determinant of health discussed in the Salus Populi training, impacts health. Resource related to health equity issues, such as health disparities for LGBTQ+ people, are also included.
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What are the effects of racism on health and mental health? (Medical News Today)
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Curtailing Implicit Racial Biases in Electronic Health Records (Network for Public Health Law)
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LGBTQ Health Equity and Health Justice (Petrie-Flom Center)
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Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener’s Tale (American Journal of Public Health)
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Building Toward Racial Justice and Equity in Health: A Call to Action (Mass.gov)
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In Challenge to Indian Child Welfare Act, Court will Weigh the Rights of States and the Role of Race (SOCUTS Blog)
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Structural Stigma in Law: Implications and Opportunities for Health and Health Equity (Health Affairs)
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Immigrant-Related Policies and the Health Outcomes of Latinx Adults in the United States: A Systematic Review (Epidemiology)
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Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis (PLoS One)
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Civil Rights as Determinants of Public Health and Racial and Ethnic Equity: Health Care, Education, Employment, and Housing in the United States (SSM – Population Health)
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Purchasing Health? The Promise and Limits of Public Health Insurance (Columbia Law Review Forum)
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Problem Solving Courts: Models and Trends (Justice System Journal)
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Towards a New Eviction Jurisprudence (Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law and Policy)
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Family Drug Treatment Courts and the Social Determinants of Health (Family Court Review)
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Epigenetics and Toxic Torts: How Epidemiological Evidences Informs Causation (Washington & Lee Law Review)
Employment
The following resources discuss, or are related to, how employment impacts health.
Poverty
The following resources discuss, or are related to, how poverty, a social determinant of health discussed in the Salus Populi training, impacts health.
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If I Could Turn Back Time: Making the Case for More Retroactive VA Disability Benefits (AARP)
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‘I didn’t have to worry’: How the Child Tax Credit Helped Families Catch up on Rent and Improved Health (Children Health Watch)
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Liberating our Health: Ending the Harms of Pretrial Incarceration and Money Bail (Health Impact Partners)
Housing
The following resources discuss, or are related to, how housing, a social determinant of health discussed in the Salus Populi training, impacts health.
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Housing And Health: An Overview Of The Literature (Health Affairs)
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Association of Residential Mobility with Child Health: An Analysis of the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health (Maternal and Child Health Journal)
Crime and Violence
The following resources discuss, or are related to, to how crime and violence, social determinants of health, impact health.
References Used in Salus Populi Training
The following resources discuss, or are related to, to how crime and violence, social determinants of health, impact health.
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Constrained Choice (RAND Corporation)
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Social Determinants of Health 101 for Health Care (National Academy of Medicine)
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Sick Individuals Sick Populations (population health approach) (International Journal of Epidemiology)
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Asset-Based Community Approaches (Rural Health Information Hub)
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The Clinician’s Illusion (Archives of General Psychiatry)
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Life Expectancy: Could Where You Live Influence How Long You Live? (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation)
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Child Opportunity Index (Diversitydatakids.org)
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Redlining and Neighborhood Health (National Community Reinvestment Coalition)[MOU1]
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A Public Health Framework for Reducing Health Inequities (Bay Area Regional Health Inequities Initiative)
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Promoting Protective Factors for In-Risk Families and Youth: A Guide for Practitioners (Development Services Group, Inc. & Child Welfare Information Gateway)
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Neighborhoods, Obesity, and Diabetes – A Randomized Social Experiment (New England Journal of Medicine)
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Relationships Between Poverty and Psychopathology: A Natural Experiment (JAMA)
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Racism and Health I: Pathways and Scientific Evidence (American Behavioral Scientist)
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Kim Anderson’s Story (California Newsreel)
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Childbirth is Deadlier for Black Families Even When they’re Rich, Expansive Study Finds (New York Times)
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Immigrant-Related Policies and the Health Outcomes of Latinx Adults in the United States: A Systematic Review (Epidemiology)
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Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis (PLoS One)
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Expanding Approaches for Research: Understanding Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research (Journal of Developmental Education)